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Pension Reform: What and When Will Change for Ukrainians
Ukraine must adopt a pension reform by the end of April — this is a requirement of the International Monetary Fund, as stated in the Memorandum between Ukraine and the IMF. If changes to pension provision take place, Ukrainians will be able to choose the timing and conditions of their retirement.
What other innovations to expect and how realistic it is to meet the deadlines — journalists from the site "24" asked.
Pension reform in Ukraine is like an old song. People have been talking about it for a long time, supposedly planning to improve it and bring it into line with European standards, but it never quite gets finished. Experts admit they have wanted to reform pension provision in Ukraine since 2003, but each government that comes to power never gets around to it.
Now there is nowhere to retreat — Kyiv has promised the IMF to adopt pension reform legislation by the end of this month. We will see soon if it succeeds. The only thing that is certain is that there is little time left for an ambitious reform.
What do they promise to do?
The Verkhovna Rada is supposed to adopt the pension reform in Ukraine by the end of April 2017. It is to enter into force from 1 January 2018. From that time, funded pension accounts are to start operating, and retirement will be allowed based on the presence of work experience regardless of age (currently — 35 years of service for men, 30 years for women). They also want to increase the unified social contribution to the Pension Fund from employers for workers in hazardous professions (miners, metallurgists, etc.) so that pensions for length of service can be paid from those funds.
Ukrainians will also be able to choose the timing and conditions of retirement, which will depend on their total work experience. The reform will include a new list of retirement options with a wider range of retirement ages compared to current ones. In addition, they plan to introduce additional pension payments to encourage longer employment and later retirement.
Funded accounts are set to start operating for Ukrainians very soon
Regarding retirement age — the IMF proposes that the average effective retirement age in Ukraine be 58,5 years for men and 55,9 years for women. For comparison: in the EU this age is on average 63,5 and 62,5 years for men and women respectively.
At the same time, Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman assured that the memorandum between Ukraine and the IMF does not contain a clause about raising the retirement age.
Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine Andriy Reva also stated that the memorandum does not talk about raising the retirement age, emphasizing that the plans only involve eliminating the Pension Fund deficit over 10 years and introducing the possibility to continue working after reaching retirement age with an increased pension for those citizens who retire later than the period provided by law.
As follows from the memorandum’s provisions, the retirement age will be raised for certain categories of the population and this will depend on work experience.
Does retirement age matter?
As Marianna Onufryk, an expert at the Institute for Socio-Economic Research, noted in a comment to the site "24", the question of continuing to work depends directly not on state incentives to do so, but on whether there are jobs and whether employers demand to hire people of pre-retirement age. According to her, the current employment rate for pre-retirement age people is about 60% and if the retirement age is raised, this indicator can only increase, which will cause higher expenditures on unemployment benefits and other related programs.
"So in fact it may turn out that budget savings from raising the retirement age will be negligible because of the need to finance employment programs," Onufryk noted.
At the same time, Onufryk believes the memorandum’s requirement to ensure guarantees that Ukrainian citizens will receive pensions commensurate with their contributions and adequate in real terms is correct. That is, it is proposed to "link" the size of the pension directly to the size of contributions, which will ensure social justice — that those who work more and receive official wages get a larger pension. In turn, this should lead to the final elimination of special pensions, preferential or special supplements that do not depend on payments made to the Pension Fund.
Linking pension size to contribution size will allow those who work more to receive a larger pension
"You can’t say that retirement age," Vitaliy Melnychuk, Candidate of Economic Sciences and economist, told the site "24", "is the main issue. When a funded pension system is introduced, retirement age does not matter. How much you have accumulated in your personal accounts is how much you will receive. In a pay-as-you-go system age matters. Another thing," he notes, "is ordering the retirement age for some categories of citizens — those who retire very early."
Not quite a reform
It should be understood that the pension reform people talk about a lot is not a reform in the literal sense. It concerns only improvements to the existing pay-as-you-go system, which currently has many problems related to pension calculation or various categories of workers who have privileges, experts note. They explain that a true pension reform is a transition to a fundamentally different pension system — a three-tier system consisting of the same pay-as-you-go (first tier), mandatory funded (second tier) and voluntary funded system (third tier).
All the points regarding improvement of the pay-as-you-go system are written into the Memorandum and must be implemented. But this is not pension reform. These are parametric changes to the pay-as-you-go pension system to bring it into normal condition," Vitaliy Melnychuk notes.
However, the Memorandum does not provide for transition to a three-tier system, Onufryk says. A three-tier pension system is already set out in the Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory State Pension Insurance," but to date only 2 levels operate: pay-as-you-go and voluntary funded. The 2-th level — mandatory funded — is not implemented for various political reasons. The system is not only possible in Ukraine but necessary, stresses the Institute for Socio-Economic Research expert, because it would ensure a decent pension level at least for today's working Ukrainians and in a few years could reduce the burden on the pay-as-you-go pension system.
"To accumulate at the 2-th and 3-th levels, a current source of financing for these needs in the family budget is required," pension reform expert Volodymyr Shcherbyna told the site. However, this source does not exist today even for the 1-th level: obligations for redistribution (established by state taxes and social contributions) of realized labor exceed wages. It should be no more than 1/3. This is an axiom that is not discussed in countries that respect themselves, the expert added.
One worker — one pensioner
The pay-as-you-go system was inherited by Ukraine from the Soviet Union. Clearly, it needs improvement. Vitaliy Melnychuk explains: the main problem of the pay-as-you-go pension system is that the number of currently working people is small compared to the number of pensioners. Practically one pensioner falls on each worker.
Interestingly, the start of pension reform in Ukraine was proclaimed a long time ago. Melnychuk recalls that already in 1998 there was a presidential decree on introducing a three-tier pension system and announcing the start of pension reform. According to him, the relevant laws were adopted in 2003, work in this direction began, and the reform was supposed to be completed by 2007 with the introduction of all three tiers. However, a failure occurred in 2004 during Viktor Yanukovych’s premiership, when the pension reform was blocked.
Subsequent governments did nothing either. Thus, the current state of pension provision became what it is now. In other words, bad, Melnychuk comments.
Moreover, he says, if you open the pension provision law that came into force in 2004, it clearly states: a three-tier pension system operates in Ukraine consisting of pay-as-you-go, funded and voluntary. So it all exists and just needs to be developed. Instead, the hasty decisions the Groysman government is now trying to approve only put out isolated fires, the expert believes; the fundamental issue of pension provision can only be solved by introducing a three-tier pension system as it works worldwide.
The Pension Fund’s financial chasm
Not many countries in the world face a Pension Fund deficit the way Ukraine does. The lack of money in the Pension Fund also worries representatives of the IMF. At one time, it even became an obstacle to receiving the next IMF tranche. Can pension reform reduce or completely eliminate the Pension Fund’s financial chasm? According to Shcherbyna, if the goal is not to phase out the "pay-as-you-go" component of the pension system, then no. To start phasing it out, he adds, one must set the unified social contribution rate to zero, reduce value added tax to 10-12%, set personal income tax at 18-20%, and corporate profit tax at 28-30%. The rest of the taxes remain as they are.
According to the expert, this would set the level of labor redistribution at the boundary of 35-36% and family budgets would begin to interact normally. The economy would start growing rapidly, and social problems would find their natural solutions.
Vitaliy Melnychuk believes there are several ways to eliminate the Pension Fund deficit: first — by increasing unified social contribution rates, second — by reducing pensions, third — by raising the retirement age. There is another option, he says — take expenses not inherent to the Pension Fund out of it, for example supplements to the minimum pension. These expenses are quite large. Since they are social, they should come from the budget, not the Pension Fund. Radically balancing the Pension Fund, the economist believes, is possible only through implementing a three-tier pension system.
One way to reduce the Pension Fund deficit is to get rid of expenses that do not belong to it
At the same time, Marianna Onufryk believes there is no financial chasm in the Pension Fund because it is balanced and pensions are paid on time, although partially financed from the State Budget. But there is a financial chasm at the pay-as-you-go level that cannot be solved without introducing a mandatory funded level, since it depends on the demographic situation (the number of people receiving pensions is growing while those who pay contributions to the Pension Fund are decreasing).
The measures proposed in the Memorandum are cosmetic changes, Onufryk emphasizes, and in the previous draft they were called parametric because they change certain parameters rather than reforming.
Thus, experts agree: what can be done in this short term cannot be called pension reform. Moreover, according to Marianna Onufryk, the "structural milestone" for pension reform — by May 2017 — has no chance of being met, since as of today the pension reform has not even been considered at a Government meeting, and the bill still needs to be registered in the Verkhovna Rada, reviewed by committees, pass first reading, second reading, she summarizes. Even if a majority is found in parliament to support it, which is in doubt, the law could be adopted at the earliest by the end of the summer session.
So we should not have high hopes that Ukrainian pensioners’ lives will soon get better. Although it should not be ruled out that changes will occur, they will not be as quick or as extensive as they are often presented from high podiums.
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